留学论文模板初中_留学论文模板初中生

大家好，今天我想和大家谈谈我对“留学论文模板初中”的一些看法。为了让大家更好地理解这个问题，我将相关资料进行了分类，现在就让我们一起来探讨吧。

文章目录列表:

1.英语议论文格式
2.学术论文英文摘要模板
3.英国留学如何写作report论文?
4.1500字论文格式模板
5.留学生毕业论文致谢怎么写

英语议论文格式

1、议论文的格式：　

议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：<1> 立论部分;<2> 论证部分; <3> 结论部分。一般说来，议论文可分三个基本段落来写：

第一段引出话题;

第二段立论且加以论证;

第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。　

2、写作攻略

初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么，明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证，最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式：开头、主体和结尾。一般写作步骤如下：

第一步：确定主题，引出论点；

第二步：通过摆事实、讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起；

第三步：得出结论。要简明扼要、回扣全文。

1、模板范文

Many students think that?they do not need to learn Engish,?because?they don't plan to go abroad.

But as to me,?I am not in favour of this point of view.?I?think?that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well.?First of all,?in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English.?

Secondly,?in the world today most books are written in English. If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English.?Most important?of all,?you can learn something more widely.

All in all,?I hold the opinion that?we should learn English well.?And I hope?that all the students can use English freely.

2、模板范文

Nowadays,many students?like to?make friends online.About this different people have different opinions.

On the one hand,some

people think?it's interesting totalk with friends online.So you will never feel lonely when youare alone.If you are lucky enough to make a friend from Englishspeaking country,you can improve your English greatly.Moreover, it's pretty cool to have several foreign friends.

But every coinhas two sides.Firstly,only a few people have made really goodfriends online.Many people are cheated by the ＂friends＂.Besides,it is terrible for students to spen

d much time makingfriends and talking online.

Some people say making friends online is making trouble.Ithink?there is something in what they say.

学术论文英文摘要模板

　下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

　Abstract

　Since Dewey developed the concept of ?critical thinking?, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

　According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

　 Abstract

　A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

　Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

　Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

　Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

　Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

　 Abstract

　The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

　This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

　The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

　Abstract

　Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

　This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

　To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

　There are three hypotheses:

　1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can ?genreawareness? really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

　Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

　 Abstract

　In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

　Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

　Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

　 Abstract

　Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

　With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

　The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

　Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

英国留学如何写作report论文?

英国留学论文格式及基本要求如下：

1.格式

平时的小作业有essay 和 report 两种格式

essay --- 结构分为introduction, main body, 和 conclusion. 不用太复杂的结构

Report ----- 要有 executive summary, 结构要求很高，文章分为几个部分，每个部分都要有大标题，下面还要有副标题，等等。(可以参考一起附上的report例文的结构)

2.References问题

文章一定要有references (参考文献), 就是引用别人文章中的观点，但是这个引用不能整断整段的直接用书上，网上的文章，或者杂志上的文章的内容。如果一段话中有超过三个词是引用的，就要表明 references. (如果完全是用自己的语言将别人的观点说出来了，引用的词是两个或更少，就可以不用标出references)。

*如果整段要直接引用原话，要用引号标出，而且这样的引用的比率不能超过全文字数的5%。

*全文注明references的文字,就是引用的文字不能超过全文字数的30%.

*References (参考文献)可以是书，也可以是学术杂志上发表的文章，或者网上的文章，但是引用的文章最好大多数是近十年的文章，而且References一定要按照正确方法标注。

References 在文中是在文中用自己的话说出别人书中或文章中的内容后，用括号标出作者和年代，而在文后的references列表中一定要用Harvard references system的格式来标出参考文献。

参考文献的数量也是有要求的，一般是每1000 字要有5个references.

3．字数问题

字数也是要按照要求写的，否则会扣分

文后的references列表和附录 (appendix)是不算字的。

比如，文章要求如果是4000字，那正文的字数就是4000 +/- 10% 字。

如果要求no more than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能超过4000字。

如果要求 no less than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能少于4000字。

如果要求4000-4500 words, 那正文的字数就要写4000-4500字之间。

4．人称问题

因为写的作业都属于学术文章，所以不能用第一人称(I, we, in my opinion,…) 这样主观的说法, 可以用被动语态。

*不能说 I DO STH， 要说 XX HAS BEEN DONE。。。特别是写REPORT的时候， 老师喜欢看到被动语句

5.Introduction和Executive summary 的区别

Introduction: 不能在introduction说出文章的结论，introduction是对文章的要写内容的介绍，结构的介绍。

Executive summary: 阐述文章得出的finding, conclusion, recommendations.

(这个文件的最后几页有两者比较的具体阐述，如果需要可以看看。)

写作内容注意事项

1. 英国人的思维是反方向的，所以，我们写东西也要这样。

不要在文章开始就写出结论(你自己的观点)，而是要先阐述能验证结论的论证，最后在得出结论。

比如我们的习惯，是先有观点譬如：我想吃蔬菜，(这就是你的观点)，然后你会去论证你的观点，譬如：我今天需要补充维生素，维生素对于我身体有好处，(这些是你的论证)，这些论证放在一起，就是你对观点“我想吃蔬菜”的总结，而在外国人眼里，你要先说“蔬菜有很多的维生素”，都有哪些种每一种对人体有什么好处你为什么要吃蔬菜，，最后再说出你的观点，“我想吃蔬菜”，这样就是有说服力的说法，可以的话在举个Reference什么的，“人或者离不开蔬菜”看看那个明人说过，拿来就可以引用一下。

2. 得出结论的时候要把自己的观点放在最前面，因为自己的观点在他们的眼里才是最重要的，Reference要引用人说的东西，要放在自己观点后面，作为辅助，证明自己观点使用，不要他人家观点写出来，自己再作分析，因为，论文要看得是你想的东西，人家观点已经是得出来的结果，用结果在写分析，老师会觉得你没有自己的观点，甚至认为你是抄的。

3. 引用观点的时候不要整段引用，挑出关键词，多过3个字，要标明那里引用的，如果需要大量引用观点,不妨尝试把观点拆开引用,并且在每个观点之前先写上自己的观点,或者理解. 如果你引用不够三个字,可以不标明为Reference可以直接使用,当作自己的观点.

还有一点我觉得，就是可以根据老师给的资料，HANDOUT和推荐的书写，不要盲目的全部在GOOGLE上搜。特别如果那本书是你老师写的而且他有推荐你去看去买的话，就引用点里面的做REFERENCE

4. 英国老师很喜欢表格,图表,等等,来表示各种数据,在他们看来这是专业的象征,所以只要是和数字有关的,不妨都多画一个图表,excel就可以帮你画里面什么样子的都有，立体的平面的，把你文章里的数据套进去就可以，尝试一下，效果不错，数据可以是你验证后得到的，也可以使自己估计的，详细地要文章解释。

5. 千万不要为了凑字数，车轱辘话，来回绕，得不偿失，但是可以从不同的角度来验证自己这句话，或者人家的话，不同角度一写字数就多了，而且只要这个观点是对的，老师会觉得你很有见地，分析全面，而且只会长分，不会减分。

1500字论文格式模板

　论文模板能提高编辑工作质量和效率并指导作者规范写作。下面是由我整理的1500字论文格式模板，谢谢你的阅读。

1500字论文格式模板篇一

　计算机网络综述

　摘要： 从计算机网络软件硬件进行阐述，使人们对计算机网络的构造以及设备有一个整体了解，以使在以后的工作和学习中，面对网络问题不再束手无策，从而提高工作和学习的效率。

　关键词： 计算机网络;网络组成;网络功能;网络设备

　中图分类号：TP315文献标识码：A文章编号：1671-7597(2012)0110183-01

　1 计算机网络的定义

　计算机网络就是利用通讯设备和通信线路将地理位置不同的、具有独立功能的多台计算机系统遵循约定的通信协议互连成一个规模大、功能强的网络系统，用功能完善的网络软件(即网络通信协议、信息交换方式和网络操作系统等)来实现交互通信、资源共享、信息交换、综合信息服务、协同工作以及在线处理等功能的系统。

　2 计算机网络的分类

　1)计算机网络按照地理范围划分为：局域网、城域网、广域网和互联网四种;2)按拓扑结构划分为：总线型、星型、环型、树型和网状网;3)按交换方式划分为：线路交换网、存储转发交换网和混合交换网;4)按传输带宽方式进行划分为：基带网和宽带网;5)按网络中使用的操作系统分为：NetWare网、Windows NT网和Unix网等;6)按传输技术分为：广播网、非广播多路访问网、点到点网。

　3 计算机网络系统的构成

　计算机网络系统通常由资源子网、通信子网和通信协议三个部分组成。资源子网在计算机网络中直接面向用户;通信子网在计算机网络中负责数据通信、全网络面向应用的数据处理工作。而通信双方必须共同遵守的规则和约定就称为通信协议，它的存在与否是计算机网络与一般计算机互连系统的根本区别。

　4 计算机网络的主要功能

　资源共享：计算机网络的主要目的是共享资源。共享的资源有：硬件资源、软件资源、数据资源。其中共享数据资源是计算机网络最重要的目的。

　数据通信：数据通信是指利用计算机网络实现不同地理位置的计算机之间的数据传送，运用技术手段实现网络间的信息传递。这是计算机网络的最基本的功能，也是实现其他功能的基础。如电子邮件、传真、远程数据交换等。

　分布处理：是指当计算机网络中的某个计算机系统负荷过重时，可以将其处理的任务传送到网络中的其它计算机系统中，以提高整个系统的利用率。对于大型的综合性的科学计算和信息处理，通过适当的算法，将任务分散到网络中不同的计算机系统上进行分布式的处理。促进分布式数据处理和分布式数据库的发展。利用网络实现分布处理，建立性能优良、可靠性高的分布式数据库系统。

　综合信息服务：在当今的信息化社会中，各行各业每时每刻都要产生大量的信息需要及时的处理，而计算机网络在其中起着十分重要的作用。

　5 计算机网络的常用设备

　网卡(NIC)：插在计算机主板插槽中，负责将用户要传递的数据转换为网络上其它设备能够识别的格式，通过网络介质传输。

　集线器(Hub)：是单一总线共享式设备，提供很多网络接口，负责将网络中多个计算机连在一起。所谓共享是指集线器所有端口共用一条数据总线，因此平均每用户(端口)传递的数据量、速率等受活动用户(端口)总数量的限制。

　交换机(Switch)：也称交换式集线器。它同样具备许多接口，提供多个网络节点互连。但它的性能却较共享集线器大为提高：相当于拥有多条总线，使各端口设备能独立地作数据传递而不受其它设备影响，表现在用户面前即是各端口有独立、固定的带宽。此外，交换机还具备集线器欠缺的功能，如数据过滤、网络分段、广播控制等。

　线缆：网络的距离扩展需要通过线缆来实现，不同的网络有不同连接线缆，如光纤、双绞线、同轴电缆等。

　公共电话网：即PSTN(Public Swithed Telephone Network)，速度9600bps～28.8kbps，经压缩后最高可达115.2kbps，传输介质是普通电话线。

　综合业务数字网：即ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network)，是一种拨号连接方式。低速接口为128kbps(高速可达2M)，它使用ISDN线路或通过电信局在普通电话线上加装ISDN业务。ISDN为数字传输方式，具有连接迅速、传输可靠等特点，并支持对方号码识别。

　专线：即Leased Line，在中国称为DDN，是一种点到点的连接方式，速度一般选择64kbps～2.048Mbps。专线的好处是数据传递有较好的保障，带宽恒定。

　X.25网：是一种出现较早且依然应用广泛的广域网方式，速度为9600bps～64kbps;有冗余纠错功能，可 靠性高，但由此带来的副效应是速度慢，延迟大。

　异步传输模式：即ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)，是一种信元交换网络，最大特点是速率高、延迟小、传输质量有保障。ATM大多采用光纤作为连接介质，速率可高达上千(109bps)。

　调制解调器(Modem)：作为末端系统和通信系统之间信号转换的设备，是广域网中必不可少的设备之一。分为同步和异步两种，分别用来与路由器的同步和异步串口相连接，同步可用于专线、帧中继、X.25等，异步用于PSTN的连接在计算机网络时代。

　6 结语

　人们对计算机和互联网的利用必将会渗透到社会生产和生活的各个方面，通过计算机和网络的功能，将会给企业的生产和经营活动的开展以及老百姓的工作和生活带来极大的便利。在互联网的联系和沟通下，各种信息传播的速度将加快，企业和个人对网络信息的依赖程度也将不断加深，信息需求程度相对较大的部门将成为未来社会中创造高附加值的行业。并通过他们带动相关知识产业的进步和发展，甚至带动全社会的经济结构的优化调整，推动社会经济的全面进步。

　计算机网络取得今天的发展成就，是人类文明进入到更高阶段的标志，它推动着人类社会向更现代化的方向发展，同时推动了知识经济时代的到来，人们通过计算机网络的连接，打破了原先在时间和空间上的阻隔，在无形中拉近了人与人之间的距离，也在一定程度上扩大了我们生存的空间，网络给我们提供了超乎寻常的方便和成功。但是，网络也给社会带来了更多的挑战，它要求我们要以更高的层次去面对新的生活和环境，同时不断地改变我们的思想和行为，我们要抓住网络时代带给我们机遇，不断努力推动人类社会向更的高阶段发展。

　此论文为湖南省十二五课题规划论文。课题批准号：XJK011CZJ010

　参考文献：

　[1]谢希仁，《计算机网络(第4版)》.

1500字论文格式模板篇二

　计算机网络安全

　摘 要如何在一个开放式的计算机网络物理环境中构造一个封闭的逻辑环境来满足于国家、群体和个人实际需要，已成为必须考虑的实际问题。计算机网络的安全就是为了克服这些安全问题，使计算机网络的使用更有保障而诞生和发展起来的。

　关键词加密技术;防火墙技术;网络安全策略

　0.概述

　网络系统安全涉及通信安全、计算机系统安全、存储安全、物理安全、人员安全等诸多要素，是与人、网络、环境有关的技术安全、结构安全和管理安全的总和。

　1.计算网络面临的威胁

　网络安全缺陷产生的原因主要有：TCP/IP的脆弱性、网络结构的不安全性 、易被窃听、缺乏安全意识。

　2.计算机网络安全策略

　2.1物理安全策略

　抑制和防止电磁泄漏(即TEMPEST技术)是物理安全策略的一个主要问题。

　2.2访问控制策略

　访问控制是网络安全防范和保护的主要策略，它的主要任务是保证网络资源不被非法使用和非常访问。

　2.2.1入网访问控制

　入网访问控制为网络访问提供了第一层访问控制。它控制哪些用户能够登录到服务器并获取网络资源，控制准许用户入网的时间和准许他们在哪台工作站入网。

　2.2.2网络的权限控制

　网络的权限控制是针对网络非法操作所提出的一种安全保护措施。用户和用户组被赋予一定的权限。

　2.2.3目录级安全控制

　网络应允许控制用户对目录、文件、设备的访问。对目录和文件的访问权限一般有八种：系统管理员权限(Supervisor)、读权限(Read)、写权限(Write)、创建权限(Create)、删除权限(Erase)、修改权限(Modify)、文件查找权限(File Scan)、存取控制权限(Access Control)。

　2.2.4属性安全控制

　当用文件、目录和网络设备时，网络系统管理员应给文件、目录等指定访问属性。属性往往能控制以下几个方面的权限：向某个文件写数据、拷贝一个文件、删除目录或文件、查看目录和文件、执行文件、隐含文件、共享、系统属性等。

　2.2.5网络服务器安全控制

　网络服务器的安全控制包括可以设置口令锁定服务器控制台，以防止非法用户修改、删除重要信息或破坏数据;可以设定服务器登录时间限制、非法访问者检测和关闭的时间间隔。

　2.2.6监测和锁定控制

　网络管理员应对网络实施监控，服务器应记录用户对网络资源的访问，对非法的网络访问，服务器应以图形或文字或声音等形式报警，以引起网络管理员的注意。

　2.2.7网络端口和节点的安全控制

　网络中服务器的端口往往使用自动回呼设备、静默调制解调器加以保护，并以加密的形式来识别节点的身份。

　3.信息加密策略

　数据加密的基本过程就是对原来为明文的文件或数据按某种算法进行处理，使其成为不可读的一段代码，通常称为"密文"，使其只能在输入相应的密钥之后才能显示出本来内容，通过这样的途径来达到保护数据不被非法人窃取，阅读的目的。该过程的逆过程为解密，即将该编码信息转化为其原来数据的过程。

　加密技术通常分为三大类："对称式"，"非对称式"和"单项式"。

　对称式加密就是加密和解密使用同一个密钥，通常称之为"Session Key"这种加密技术目前被广泛采用。

　非对称式加密就是加密和解密所使用的不是同一个密钥，通常有两个密钥，称为"公钥"和"私钥"，它们两个必需配对使用，否则不能打开加密文件。

　单项加密也叫做哈希加密，这种加密使用hash算法把一些不同长度的信息转化成杂乱的确128位的编码里，叫做hash值。

　4.防火墙技术

　网络防火墙技术是一种用来加强网络之间访问控制，防止外部网络用户以非法手段通过外部网络进入内部网络，访问内部网络资源，保护内部网络操作环境的特殊网络互联设备。

　4.1防火墙的分类

　根据防火墙所采用的技术不同，我们可以将它分为四种基本类型：包过滤型，网络地址转换―NAT，代理型和监测型。

　4.2包过滤型

　包过滤型产品是防火墙的初级产品，其技术依据是网络中的分包传输技术。

　4.3网络地址转化―NAT

　网络地址转换是一种用于把IP地址转换成临时的，外部的，注册的IP地址标准。它允许具有私有IP地址的内部网络访问因特网。

　4.4代理型

　代理型防火墙也可以被称为代理服务器，它的安全性要高于包过滤型产品，并已经开始向应用层发展，代理服务器位于客户机与服务器之间，完全阻挡了二者间的数据交流。

　4.5监测型

　监测型防火墙是新一代的产品，这一技术实际已经超越了最初的防火墙定义。监测型防火墙能够对各层的数据进行主动的，实时的监测，在对这些数据加以分析的基础上，监测型防火墙能够有效地判断出各层中的非法侵入。

　5.计算机网络安全的防范措施

　5.1网络系统结构设计合理与否是网络安全运行的关键

　由于局域网采用的是以广播为技术基础的以太网，任何两个节点之间的通信数据包，也被处在同一以太网上的任何一个节点的网卡所截取。网络分段技术的应用将从源头上杜绝网络的安全隐患问题，以交换式集线器代替共享式集线器的方式将不失为解除隐患的又一方法。

　5.2强化计算机管理是网络系统安全的保证

　(1)加强设施管理，确保计算机网络系统实体安全。建立健全安全管理制度，防止非法用户进入计算机控制室和各种非法行为的发生;(2)强化访问控制，力促计算机网络系统运行正常。(3)建立网络的权限控制模块。网络的权限控制是针对网络非法操作所提出的一种安全保护措施。(4)建立属性安全服务模块。属性安全控制可以将给定的属性与网络服务器的文件、目录和网络设备联系起来。(5)建立网络服务器安全设置模块。(6)建立档案信息加密制度。(7)建立网络智能型日志系统。(8)建立完善的备份及恢复机制。

　随着计算机技术和通信技术的发展，计算机网络将日益成为工业，农业和国防等方面的重要信息交换手段，渗透到社会生活的各个领域.因此，认清网络的脆弱性和潜在威胁，采取强有力的安全策略，对于保障网络的安全性将变得十分重要，相信在未来十年中，网络安全技术一定会取得更为长足的进展。

　参考文献

　[1]朱雁辉.防火墙与网络封包[M].电子工业出版社.

　[2]信息管理系列编委会.网络安全管理[M].中国人民大学出版社.

　[3]张红旗.信息网络安全[M].清华大学出版社.

　[4]张千里，陈光英.网络安全新技术.人民邮电出版社.

　[5]汤子瀛等.计算机网络.西安电子科技大学出版社.

　[6]彭民德.计算机网络教程.清华大学出版社，67～88.

　[7]张伟.网络安全.机械工业出版社，99.

　[8]何炎祥.计算机网络安全学习指导与习题解答.清华大学出版社，101～112.

　[9]袁津生，吴砚农.计算机网络安全基础(第二版).人民邮电出版社，2003：78～92.

　[10]殷伟.计算机安全与病毒防治 安徽科学技术出版社，2003：372～382.

留学生毕业论文致谢怎么写

在留学生毕业论文的致谢部分，你可以按照以下指导来写：

1. 开头表达感激之情：在致谢的开头，表达对导师、指导教授以及其他学术或实践上的支持者的感激之情。可以使用诸如以下的表达方式：

- 我要衷心感谢...

- 在此，我想向...

- 我由衷地感谢...

2. 指明具体帮助或支持：列出具体的人或机构，说明他们给予你的帮助或支持，并解释他们对你研究的重要性。可以包括以下方面：

- 导师和指导教授的专业指导和建议

- 同学、朋友、家人的情感支持和鼓励

- 实验室、图书馆、实习单位等提供的资源和设施

- 资助机构或奖学金的经济支持

3. 表达个人成长和学术收获：谈论在研究过程中你个人的成长和学术收获，以及这些经历对你未来的影响。可以包括以下内容：

- 研究项目对你学术和专业发展的贡献

- 解决问题、克服困难的经历

- 对研究领域或专业的新见解或贡献

4. 态度真诚、语言简洁：在写致谢时，要保持真诚和诚恳的态度，用简洁明了的语言表达自己的感激之情，避免使用过多的修辞或废话。

请注意，以上只是一些建议，具体的致谢内容和语言可以根据你的情况和个人风格进行调整。最重要的是真诚地表达感激之情，感谢那些对你毕业论文完成有重要贡献的人或机构。

好了，今天关于“留学论文模板初中”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够通过我的讲解对“留学论文模板初中”有更全面、深入的了解，并且能够在今后的学习中更好地运用所学知识。

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